Whitsunday/Pentecost and Ambrose of Milan

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The Descent of the Spirit, egg tempera on panel icon, attributed to Theophan the Cretan, Stavronikita Monastery, Mt. Athos, Greece, 1546. The Apostles are shown in a horseshoe pattern, six on the left and six on the right. The empty space at the top of the horsehoe represents the position which usually occupied by Christ. In some traditions, the Blessed Virgin Mary occupies the space. The crowned figure at bottom center is known as Cosmos, who represents all the world. He is shown with a dark background, which symbolizes the darkness of the secular world which rejected Christ. The use of the Cosmos figure faded away in the next two centuries after this image was painted. It was never used in Western Church art.

As the Church celebrates the Descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost (Whitsunday in the English tradition), it is appropriate to remember one of the greatest of the saints of the early Church, St. Ambrose of Milan (celebrated on the Anglican Church calendar on Dec. 7th). Sadly, except among scholars and clergy, St. Ambrose is little known today. He served, reluctantly at first, as Bishop of Milan from 374 to 397 A.D. He is one of Doctors of the Church in the Western Church tradition. It could be said that he was the last of the great leaders of the Western Church whose theology was virtually identical to that of the Eastern Church. He is primarily remembered for his conversion of his most famous pupil, St. Augustine of Hippo (celebrated on the Anglican Church calendar on August 28th) and several of his hymns, many of which are still used in the Western Church in the 21st C. St. Ambrose was a strong supporter of the doctrines of the Nicene Creed, including the modifications made the Council of Constantinople in 381 A.D. Especially important for St. Ambrose was the virginity of the Blessed Virgin Mary and her status as the Mother of God (or Theotokos in Greek, literally meaning God-bearer). The award of the title of Theotokos to the Blessed Virgin was not made into official Church belief until the Council of Ephesus in 431 A.D.

One the traditions observed in both the Western and Eastern Churches during St. Ambrose’s lifetime was the observation of the Sacrament of Baptism in association with the final days of Lent and the Feast of Easter. One of his most enlightening writings is On the Mysteries (or De Mysteriis. in Latin), a collection of his sermons to the newly baptized focused on the Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation and the Holy Eucharist. St. Ambrose refers to the Dove which descended upon Christ as His Baptism in Chapter III. The dove is the traditional symbol of the presence of the Holy Spirit in Christian art. For the full text of On the Mysteries, see The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Volume 10 (Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., 1994 Edition).

St. Ambrose of Milan, holding a Bishop’s crozier in his right hand and a book in his left, illuminated capital letter D in colors on parchment, with penwork decoration, On the Mysteries (De Mysteriis in Latin), circa 1114-1122, southeast England, probably Rochester, Ms. Royal 2 B VI, f. 2, British Library, London, England. It may have been prepared for use at the Cathedral Priory of St. Andrew, Rochester, where is is among the list of books in the library there in the 12th C.

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Ambrose of Milan rcceiving wisdom from God, represented by the hand from heaven at upper right. Menologion of Basil II, late 10th-early 11th C. Publiv Domain.

The final image this week is an illumination in egg tempera and gold on parchment from The Menologion of Basil II, an Eastern Church style book of hours honoring the saints of the Church Universal. In the case of martyrs, the manner of their death is vividly depicted. It was prepared between 976 and 1025 at Constantinople. The original is at the Vatican Library, Rome, Italy. It was among the manuscripts taken from Constantinople in the 12th C. during the Crusades. The Vatican published a volume with all the images in the early 20th C. and which was later released into the public domain, even though some images still carrying a Vatican copyright notice.

As always, thank you for your interest and support. Glory be to God for all things! Amen!

The Ascension – May 9th in A.D. 2024

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In this week’s posting, for the week following Fifth Sunday after Easter (Rogation Sunday), the focus is on Christ’s Ascension, fulfilling the statement made to the Disciples in John 16:16-22, the Gospel reading for Third Sunday after Easter: “a little while, and ye shall not see me; and again, a little while, and ye shall see me, because I go to the Father.”

According to some Christian traditions, Christ’s Ascension took place somewhere in the Galilee region. In other traditions, such as in on the Mount of Olives, the location is said to the Ascension rock. On the site today is a structure known as the Ascension Edicule, which dates to the Crusader era. Its present form includes additions made by Moslems after the fall of Jerusalem. The oldest surviving image of the Ascension is from the Rabbula Gospels, produced in present-day Syria (then known as Mesopotamia), in 586 A.D. The document is preserved at the Laurentian Library, Florence, Italy. In the upper register, Christ stands inside a mandorla, making the sign of Blessing with His right hand, surrounded by four angels, two appearing to hold the mandorla and two others lifting others into heaven. In the lower register, the Blessed Virgin Mary (the Theotokos) stands at front center with an angel on each side. The Disciples are pictured right and left either pointing upward or looking upward. This image is commonly known as the Eastern Church model. The imagery is more spritual-minded than literal.

The Ascension, Rabbula Gospels, Codex Pluteus 1.56, Folio 13v, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenzina, Florence, Italy. Image reproduced in The Yorck Project: 10,000 Masterworks.

In the Western Church tradition, the scene is usually presented with only the feet of Jesus Christ visible above the onlookoers. An outstanding example is an illumination in colors and gold on parchment in the DeLisle Psalter, produced in southeast England, with London thought to be the most probable, between 1330 and 1340. The Blessed Virgin Mary in blue robe with a pink shawl, stands at left, with St. John the Evangelist, holding a Gospel book, at right. They are joined by eight other Apostles, four per side. In this more literal-minded image, the folds of the garments are given rich shadows and a suggestion of silken sheen. The background for most of the image is a hatched pattern in light red, while the pattern behind the upper register is a screen-like web in blues and grays. The heavenly clouds appear in motion. The green background in the lower register suggests the sheen of green silk. The eyes of all the figures but one appear to be looking upward. Only the figure at right center with a dark halo is presented as looking toward the artist.

The Ascension, DeLisle Psalter, circa 1330-1340, Ms. Arundel 83, Part 2, Folio 133v, British Library, London, England.

These two images, plus thirteen other images related to the Ascension, are printed as Illustration No. 74-88 in Easter: The Resurrection of Our Lord in Scripture, Art & Christian Tradition, which is available using the Virtual Bookstore link on the Welcome and AIC Bookstore pages of this site.

As always, thank you for your interest and support. Glory be to God for all things! Amen!